Danshensu (Dan shen suan A) sodium is an orally active phenolic compound that induces Nrf2/HO-1 activation and inhibits the NF-κB pathway. Danshensu sodium reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), upregulates antioxidant defense mechanisms, and inhibits intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Danshensu sodium shows potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with an EC50 of 0.97 μM. Danshensu sodium has antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-pulmonary inflammatory effects, and has the potential to be used in the study of COVID-19, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and other diseases.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C9H9NAO5
Molecular Weight	220.15
Exact Mass	220.034
CAS #	81075-52-7
PubChem CID	23693207
Appearance	Off-white to light yellow solid powder
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	5
Rotatable Bond Count	3
Heavy Atom Count	15
Complexity	211
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	1
SMILES	C1=CC(=C(C=C1C[C@H](C(=O)[O-])O)O)O.[Na+]
InChi Key	ZMMKVDBZTXUHFO-DDWIOCJRSA-M
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C9H10O5.Na/c10-6-2-1-5(3-7(6)11)4-8(12)9(13)14;/h1-3,8,10-12H,4H2,(H,13,14);/q;+1/p-1/t8-;/m1./s1
Chemical Name	sodium;(2R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Danshensu (Dan shen suan A) sodium effectively inhibits SARS-CoV-2 S protein pseudotyped virus (SARS-CoV-2 S) from entering ACE2-overexpressing HEK-293T cells (IC50=0.31μM) and Vero-E6 cells (IC50 =4.97μM)[1]. Danshensu (0-100 μM; 24 hours) sodium causes a significant reduction in the migration and invasion of FaDu and Ca9-22 cells at higher concentrations (50 and 100 μM)[2]. Danshensu ( 0-100 μM; 24 hours) sodium dose-dependently reduces ERK phosphorylation and p38 phosphorylation in FaDu cells [2]. Danshensu (0-100 μM; 24, 48, 72 hours) sodium has no effect on human oral cancer cells Toxic effects[2].
ln Vivo	Danshensu (Dan shen suan A; 25, 50, 100 mg/kg; administered orally daily for 7 consecutive days or intravenously once) sodium can dose-dependently reduce the pathological changes in SARS-CoV-2 S-infected mice when administered before SARS-CoV-2 S infection[1].
Cell Assay	Cell Migration Assay [2] Cell Types: FaDu and Ca9-22 cells Tested Concentrations: 25, 50, and 100 μM Incubation Duration: 24 h Experimental Results: At higher concentrations (50 and 100 μM) caused significant reduction in migration and invasion of both FaDu and Ca9-22 cells. Western Blot Analysis[2] Cell Types: FaDu and Ca9-22 cells Concentration : 25, 50, and 100 μM Incubation Duration: 24 h Experimental Results: Phosphorylation of ERK reduced dose-dependently after 24 h in FaDu cell. Caused significant reduction in p38 phosphorylation.
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Adult BALB/c mice (male, 6-8 weeks, 20±2 g)[1] Doses: 25, 50, 100 mg/kg Route of Administration: Oral administration (daily for 7 continuous days) or i.v. (once) Experimental Results: Could prevent SARS-CoV-2 S protein-induced acute lung inflammation. Ameliorated inflammatory cytokines in serum and lung tissue.
References	[1].Danshensu alleviates pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 induced mouse acute lung inflammation. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2022 Apr;43(4):771-780. [2].Sodium Danshensu Inhibits Oral Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion by Modulating p38 Signaling Pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Sep 30:11:568436. [3].Danshensu attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through activation of Nrf2 pathway and inhibition of NF-κB. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 Oct:142:111995.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

Typically soluble in DMSO (e.g. 10 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	4.5424 mL	22.7118 mL	45.4236 mL
	5 mM	0.9085 mL	4.5424 mL	9.0847 mL
	10 mM	0.4542 mL	2.2712 mL	4.5424 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.