Danshenol A is a rosin diterpenoid and an aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor (antagonist) with IC50 of 0.1 μM. Danshenol A can protect endothelial cells from oxidative stress by directly scavenging ROS. Danshenol A has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties and may be used in atherosclerosis research.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C21H20O4
Molecular Weight	336.38
Exact Mass	336.136
CAS #	189308-08-5
PubChem CID	3083514
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Density	1.31±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	571.5ºC at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	206.6ºC
Vapour Pressure	6.74E-14mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.653
LogP	3.275
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	4
Rotatable Bond Count	2
Heavy Atom Count	25
Complexity	636
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	2
SMILES	C[C@H]1COC2=C1C(=O)[C@@](C3=C2C=CC4=C(C=CC=C43)C)(CC(=O)C)O
InChi Key	WQYKPUPMMFGHQW-QKVFXAPYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C21H20O4/c1-11-5-4-6-15-14(11)7-8-16-18(15)21(24,9-13(3)22)20(23)17-12(2)10-25-19(16)17/h4-8,12,24H,9-10H2,1-3H3/t12-,21-/m0/s1
Chemical Name	(1R,10S)-10-hydroxy-1,6-dimethyl-10-(2-oxopropyl)-1,2-dihydronaphtho[1,2-g][1]benzofuran-11-one
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	IC50: 0.1 μM (Aldose reductase)[3]
ln Vitro	ICAM-1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels was not affected by Danshenol A (10 nM; pretreatment for 1 h) treatment alone. Danshenol A significantly reverses the elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NOX4 expression, as well as TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression and subsequent monocyte adhesion [1]. Danshenol A inhibits TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression and subsequent monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells through the NOX4-dependent IKKβ/NF-κB pathway [1]. Danshenol A (1, 3, and 10 μM; pretreated for 35 min) reverses the cardiomyocyte apoptosis caused by angiotensin II. Danshenol A also prevents cardiomyocytes from using the mitochondrial redox signaling pathway [2]. K562 (IC50 = 0.53 μg/mL), T-24 (IC50 = 7.94 μg/mL), QGY (IC50 = 4.65 μg/mL), and Me180 (IC50 = 6.89 μg/mL) cell lines are all inhibited by danshenol A [4].
ln Vivo	In SHR rats, Danshenol A (0.3–3 mg/kg; oral; once daily; for 12 weeks) increases cardiac function, myocardial collagen volume, and blood pressure. Danshenol A lowers cardiac oxidative stress and restores the structure and function of mitochondria[2].
Cell Assay	Western Blot Analysis[1] Cell Types: HUVEC cells Tested Concentrations: 10 nM Incubation Duration:Pretreatment for 1 h Experimental Results: demonstrated no effect on the ICAM-1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels.
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: Forty male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and eight male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats at the age of 16 weeks[2] Doses: 0.3 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg Route of Administration: Orally administration ; daily; for 12 weeks Experimental Results: Ameliorated blood pressure, cardiac injury, and myocardial collagen volume and improved cardiac function.
References	[1]. Danshenol A inhibits TNF-α-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mediated by NOX4 in endothelial cells. Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 11;7(1):12953. [2]. Danshenol A Alleviates Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Remodeling by Ameliorating Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Suppressing Reactive Oxygen Species Production. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019 Sep 11;2019:2580409. [3]. Aldose reductase inhibitory constituents of the root of Salvia miltiorhiza Bunge. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1997 Aug;45(8):1306-11. [4]. Two new abietane diterpenoids from Salvia yunnanensis. Planta Med. 2006 Jan;72(1):84-6.
Additional Infomation	Danshenol A has been reported in Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia glutinosa with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.9728 mL	14.8641 mL	29.7283 mL
	5 mM	0.5946 mL	2.9728 mL	5.9457 mL
	10 mM	0.2973 mL	1.4864 mL	2.9728 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.