Closthioamide is a potent inhibitor of bacterial DNA gyrase. Its minimum inhibitory concentrations against Ec, MRSA, VRE, and Mv are 9.00 μM, 0.58 μM, 0.58 μM, and 72.03 μM respectively.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C29H38N6O2S6
Molecular Weight	695.041
Exact Mass	694.138
CAS #	1227367-59-0
PubChem CID	135937227
Appearance	Typically exists as solid at room temperature
Density	1.4±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	857.0±75.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point	472.1±37.1 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±0.3 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.706
LogP	5.27
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	8
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	8
Rotatable Bond Count	18
Heavy Atom Count	43
Complexity	851
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
SMILES	S=C(C1=CC=C(O)C=C1)NCCC(NCCC(NCCCNC(CCNC(CCNC(C2=CC=C(O)C=C2)=S)=S)=S)=S)=S
InChi Key	UBZKZUDCUOZCCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C29H38N6O2S6/c36-22-6-2-20(3-7-22)28(42)34-18-12-26(40)32-16-10-24(38)30-14-1-15-31-25(39)11-17-33-27(41)13-19-35-29(43)21-4-8-23(37)9-5-21/h2-9,36-37H,1,10-19H2,(H,30,38)(H,31,39)(H,32,40)(H,33,41)(H,34,42)(H,35,43)
Chemical Name	4-hydroxy-N-[3-[[3-[3-[3-[3-[(4-hydroxybenzenecarbothioyl)amino]propanethioylamino]propanethioylamino]propylamino]-3-sulfanylidenepropyl]amino]-3-sulfanylidenepropyl]benzenecarbothioamide
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	Closthioamide is a powerful bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitor discovered from the strictly anaerobic Clostridium cellulolytica and belongs to a novel family of natural compounds [1]. In standardized antimicrobial testing, chlorsulfonamide was found to be very active against pathogenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.4 μg/mL-1 (0.58 μM). Chlorothioamide is active even against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) with the same low MIC value, and is consequently substantially more potent against these germs than the usual antibiotic ciprofloxacin used against VRE, with significant strain selectivity. Furthermore, chlorosulfonamide showed moderate antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in standardized cytotoxicity assays [2].
References	[1]. Mode of action of closthioamide: the first member of the polythioamide class of bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors. J AntimicrobChemother. 2015Sep;70(9):2576-88. [2]. Closthioamide: an unprecedented polythioamide antibiotic from the strictly anaerobic bacterium Clostridium cellulolyticum.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2010 Mar 8;49(11):2011-3.
Additional Infomation	Closthioamide is a member of phenols. Closthioamide has been reported in Ruminiclostridium cellulolyticum with data available.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	1.4388 mL	7.1938 mL	14.3877 mL
	5 mM	0.2878 mL	1.4388 mL	2.8775 mL
	10 mM	0.1439 mL	0.7194 mL	1.4388 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.