Chrysophanein is a chrysophanol glycoside developed from the leaves and roots of Aloe hijazensis. Chrysophanein displays moderate cytotoxic activity against several cancer/tumor cell lines.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C21H20O9
Molecular Weight	416.3781
Exact Mass	416.111
CAS #	4839-60-5
PubChem CID	6324923
Appearance	Light yellow to orange solid powder
Melting Point	245-246 °C
LogP	1.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	5
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	9
Rotatable Bond Count	3
Heavy Atom Count	30
Complexity	669
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	5
SMILES	CC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)C4=C(C2=O)C=CC=C4O
InChi Key	QKPDYSSHOSPOKH-JNHRPPPUSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C21H20O9/c1-8-5-10-15(18(26)14-9(16(10)24)3-2-4-11(14)23)12(6-8)29-21-20(28)19(27)17(25)13(7-22)30-21/h2-6,13,17,19-23,25,27-28H,7H2,1H3/t13-,17-,19+,20-,21-/m1/s1
Chemical Name	8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyanthracene-9,10-dione
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	- Antibacterial Activity: Chrysophanein exhibited antibacterial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. When tested at concentrations of 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL via the disc diffusion method: 1. Against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), it produced inhibition zones of ~12 mm (25 μg/mL), ~15 mm (50 μg/mL), and ~18 mm (100 μg/mL); the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to be 50 μg/mL. [1] 2. Against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), it produced inhibition zones of ~10 mm (50 μg/mL) and ~13 mm (100 μg/mL); no significant inhibition was observed at 25 μg/mL, and the MIC was 100 μg/mL. [1] - Antioxidant Activity: Chrysophanein showed DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner. At concentrations of 10 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL, and 80 μg/mL, the scavenging rates were ~25%, ~45%, ~70%, and ~85%, respectively; the IC50 value for DPPH radical scavenging was ~22 μg/mL. [1]
References	[1]. New bioactive compounds from Aloe hijazensis. Natural Product Research,2009,23(11), 1035–1049.
Additional Infomation	Chrysophanein is an anthraquinone. Chrysophanein has been reported in Rheum palmatum, Cassia fistula, and Picramnia latifolia with data available. - Natural Source and Isolation Background: Chrysophanein is a bioactive compound isolated from the leaves of Aloe hijazensis , a species of Aloe native to the Hijaz region. The isolation process involved solvent extraction (using methanol), fractionation via column chromatography (silica gel), and purification by preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to obtain pure Chrysophanein for biological activity testing. [1] - Chemical Class Reference: Chrysophanein belongs to the anthraquinone derivative family, a class of compounds commonly found in Aloe species and known for their diverse biological activities (e.g., antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory), which aligns with its observed activities in this study. [1]

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~240.17 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.4017 mL	12.0083 mL	24.0165 mL
	5 mM	0.4803 mL	2.4017 mL	4.8033 mL
	10 mM	0.2402 mL	1.2008 mL	2.4017 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.