Calicheamicin, formerly known as Calicheamicin gamma(1,I) or Calichemicin gamma1, is an potent enediyne antitumor antibiotics derived from the bacterium Micromonospora echinospora. Calicheamicin targets DNA and cause strand scission. Calicheamicin binds with DNA in the minor groove, wherein it then undergos a reaction analogueous to the Bergman cyclization to generate a diradical species. This diradical, 1,4-didehydrobenzene, then abstracts hydrogen atoms from the deoxyribose (sugar) backbone of DNA, which ultimately leads to strand scission. The specificity of binding of calicheamicin to the minor groove of DNA is due to the aryltetrasaccharide group of the molecule.
Physicochemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C55H74IN3O21S4 |
| Molecular Weight | 1368.3415 |
| Exact Mass | 1367.274 |
| Elemental Analysis | C, 48.28; H, 5.45; I, 9.27; N, 3.07; O, 24.55; S, 9.37 |
| CAS # | 108212-75-5 |
| Related CAS # | N-Acetyl-Calicheamicin;108212-76-6 |
| PubChem CID | 10953353 |
| Appearance | White to yellow solid powder |
| Density | 1.6±0.1 g/cm3 |
| Index of Refraction | 1.662 |
| LogP | 11.89 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 8 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 27 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 24 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 84 |
| Complexity | 2500 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 19 |
| SMILES | IC1C(C([H])([H])[H])=C(C(=C(C=1O[C@@]1([H])[C@@]([H])([C@@]([H])([C@]([H])([C@]([H])(C([H])([H])[H])O1)O[H])OC([H])([H])[H])O[H])OC([H])([H])[H])OC([H])([H])[H])C(=O)S[C@]1([H])[C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])[H])O[C@]([H])(C([H])([H])[C@]1([H])O[H])ON([H])[C@]1([H])[C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])[H])O[C@]([H])([C@@]([H])([C@@]1([H])O[H])O[C@@]1([H])C([H])([H])[C@@]([H])([C@]([H])(C([H])([H])O1)N([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H])OC([H])([H])[H])O[C@@]1([H])C#CC([H])=C([H])C#C[C@@]2(C([H])([H])C(C(=C1/C/2=C(/[H])\C([H])([H])SSSC([H])([H])[H])N([H])C(=O)OC([H])([H])[H])=O)O[H] |t:126| |
| InChi Key | HXCHCVDVKSCDHU-IXTZGUNISA-N |
| InChi Code | InChI=1S/C55H74IN3O21S4/c1-12-57-30-24-73-35(22-34(30)68-6)78-48-43(63)40(26(3)75-53(48)77-33-17-15-13-14-16-19-55(67)23-32(61)41(58-54(66)72-10)38(33)29(55)18-20-82-84-81-11)59-80-36-21-31(60)50(28(5)74-36)83-51(65)37-25(2)39(56)46(49(71-9)45(37)69-7)79-52-44(64)47(70-8)42(62)27(4)76-52/h13-14,18,26-28,30-31,33-36,40,42-44,47-48,50,52-53,57,59-60,62-64,67H,12,20-24H2,1-11H3,(H,58,66)/b14-13-,29-18+/t26-,27+,28-,30+,31+,33+,34+,35+,36+,40-,42+,43+,44-,47-,48-,50-,52+,53?,55-/m1/s1 |
| Chemical Name | S-((2R,3S,4S,6S)-6-((((2R,3S,4S,5R)-5-(((2S,4S,5S)-5-(ethylamino)-4-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-4-hydroxy-6-(((2S,5Z,9S,13E)-9-hydroxy-12-((methoxycarbonyl)amino)-13-(2-(methyltrisulfanyl)ethylidene)-11-oxobicyclo[7.3.1]trideca-1(12),5-dien-3,7-diyn-2-yl)oxy)-2-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)amino)oxy)-4-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl) 4-(((2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-3-iodo-5,6-dimethoxy-2-methylbenzothioate |
| Synonyms | Calicheamicin; Calicheamicin gamma(1,I); 108212-75-5; calicheamicin gamma(1)I; 113440-58-7; Calichemicin gamma1; Calicheamicin gamma(1)I. |
| HS Tariff Code | 2934.99.9001 |
| Storage |
Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition | Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs) |
Biological Activity
| Targets | Calicheamicins; DNA synthesis; antitumor antibiotic |
| ln Vitro | With an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 4.6, PF-06647263 (anti-EFNA4-ADC) is produced by conjugating hE22 lysine residues to the AcButDMH-N-Ac-calicheamicin-γ1 linker-payload. Antigen- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity is elicited by PF-06647263, as exposure to the compound for 96 hours causes cell death (EC50 = approximately 1 ng/mL)[1]. In vitro treatment of pediatric primary B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cells is facilitated by CMC-544, which consists of a humanized CD22 Ab conjugated to calicheamicin. With IC50 values ranging from 0.15 to 4.9 ng/mL, CMC-544 causes dose- and time-dependent cell death in a variety of ALL cell lines. In primary BCP-ALL cells, CMC-544 (10 ng/mL) exhibits efficacy and specificity [2]. Compared to G5/44-treated cells, the level of CD22 in CMC-544-treated cells has dropped and has remained low[3]. |
| ln Vivo | In both TNBC and ovarian cancer PDX, an ADC containing a humanized anti-EFNA4 monoclonal antibody coupled to the DNA-damaging agent calicheamicin results in long-lasting tumor regressions in vivo. In TNBC xenografts, PF-06647263 (0.27, 0.36 mg/kg) causes notable tumor regressions[1]. |
| Cell Assay |
In this study, researchers investigated whether the newly developed antibody (Ab) -targeted therapy inotuzumab ozogamicin (CMC-544), consisting of a humanized CD22 Ab linked to calicheamicin, is effective in pediatric primary B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cells in vitro, and analyzed which parameters determine its efficacy. CMC-544 induced dose-dependent cell kill in the majority of BCP-ALL cells, although IC(50) values varied substantially (median 4.8 ng/ml, range 0.1-1000 ng/ml at 48 h). The efficacy of CMC-544 was highly dependent on calicheamicin sensitivity and CD22/CMC-544 internalization capacity of BCP-ALL cells, but hardly on basal and renewed CD22 expression. Although CD22 expression was essential for uptake of CMC-544, a repetitive loop of CD22 saturation, CD22/CMC-544 internalization and renewed CD22 expression was not required to achieve intracellular threshold levels of calicheamicin sufficient for efficient CMC-544-induced apoptosis in BCP-ALL cells. This is in contrast to studies with the comparable CD33 immunotoxin gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, in which complete and prolonged CD33 saturation was required for apoptosis induction. These data suggest that CMC-544 treatment may result in higher response rates in ALL compared with response rates obtained in AML with Mylotarg, and that therefore clinical studies in ALL, preferably with multiple low CMC-544 dosages, are warranted.[2] In this study, researchers studied the effect of CMC-544, the calicheamicin-conjugated anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody, used alone and in combination with rituximab, analyzing the quantitative alteration of target molecules, that is, CD20, CD22, CD55 and CD59, in Daudi and Raji cells as well as in cells obtained from patients with B-cell malignancies (BCM). Antibody inducing direct antiproliferative and apoptotic effect, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) were tested separately. In Daudi and Raji cells, the CDC effect of rituximab significantly increased within 12 h following incubation with CMC-544. The levels of CD22 and CD55 were significantly reduced (P<0.001 in both cells) after incubation with CMC-544, but CD20 level remained constant or increased for 12 h. Similar results were obtained in cells from 12 patients with BCM. The antiproliferative and apoptotic effect of CMC-544 were greater than that of rituximab. The ADCC of rituximab was not enhanced by CMC-544. Thus, the combination of CMC-544 and rituximab increased the in vitro cytotoxic effect in BCM cells, and sequential administration for 12 h proceeded by CMC-544 was more effective. The reduction of CD55 and the preservation of CD20 after incubation with CMC-544 support the rationale for the combined use of CMC-544 and rituximab. |
| Animal Protocol |
A panel of well-annotated patient-derived xenografts (PDX) was established, and surface markers that enriched for TIC in specific tumor subtypes were empirically determined. The TICs were queried for overexpressed antigens, one of which was selected to be the target of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). The efficacy of the ADC was evaluated in 15 PDX models to generate hypotheses for patient stratification.
Results: We herein identified E-cadherin (CD324) as a surface antigen able to reproducibly enrich for TIC in well-annotated, low-passage TNBC and ovarian cancer PDXs. Gene expression analysis of TIC led to the identification of Ephrin-A4 (EFNA4) as a prospective therapeutic target. An ADC comprising a humanized anti-EFNA4 monoclonal antibody conjugated to the DNA-damaging agent calicheamicin achieved sustained tumor regressions in both TNBC and ovarian cancer PDX in vivo. Non-claudin low TNBC tumors exhibited higher expression and more robust responses than other breast cancer subtypes, suggesting a specific translational application for tumor subclassification. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the potential of PF-06647263 (anti-EFNA4-ADC) as a first-in-class compound designed to eradicate TIC. The use of well-annotated PDX for drug discovery enabled the identification of a novel TIC target, pharmacologic evaluation of the compound, and translational studies to inform clinical development.[1] In vivo efficacy studies[1] Cohorts of tumor-bearing mice (140–180 mm3) were randomized into study groups of 6 to 10 based on the number of available mice. The IDBS electronic notebook statistical package, Biobook, was used for automated animal randomization. Animals were dosed by intraperitoneal injection (or intravenously for 144580) twice a week for 4 cycles with ADC, or once a week for 2 cycles with 1.5 mg/kg doxorubicin for breast PDX tumors or 5 mg/kg Cisplatin for ovarian PDX. Study groups were followed until either individual mice or entire cohort measurements reached 1,200 mm3, at which point sacrifice was indicated in accordance with approved IACUC protocols. Tumor regression was defined as a reduction in mean tumor volume after dosing. In cases where tumors regressed, time to progression (TTP) was determined to be the number of days between the first dose and the time at which mean tumor volume significantly increased (regrew) after regression. TIC frequency assay[1] PDX tumor–bearing mice were treated with PF-06647263 or control ADC, and tumors were harvested at day 21 (BR13) or day 12 (BR22) after the first dose, based on when tumors were starting to regress. Tumors were harvested, dissociated, and stained as described above. Three tumors per treatment group were pooled, and live human tumor cells (murine Lineage− ESA+) were isolated by FACS, counted, and implanted into naïve animals in limiting dilution (8–10 animals per group). Mice bearing tumors that exceeded 200 mm3 were scored as positive. Poisson distribution statistics were generated by L-Calc software. |
| References |
[1]. Anti-EFNA4 Calicheamicin Conjugates Effectively Target Triple-Negative Breast and Ovarian Tumor-Initiating Cells to Result in Sustained Tumor Regressions. Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Sep 15;21(18):4165-73 [2].The novel calicheamicin-conjugated CD22 antibody inotuzumab ozogamicin (CMC-544) effectively kills primary pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Leukemia. 2012 Feb;26(2):255-64 [3]. CMC-544 (inotuzumab ozogamicin), an anti-CD22 immuno-conjugate of calicheamicin, alters the levels of target molecules of malignant B-cells. Leukemia. 2009 Jul;23(7):1329-36. |
Solubility Data
| Solubility (In Vitro) | DMSO : ~25 mg/mL (~18.27 mM) |
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 3 mg/mL (2.19 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 30.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (1.83 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: 2.5 mg/mL (1.83 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 10% DMSO+90% Corn Oil: ≥ 3 mg/mL (2.19 mM) (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 0.7308 mL | 3.6541 mL | 7.3081 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.1462 mL | 0.7308 mL | 1.4616 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.0731 mL | 0.3654 mL | 0.7308 mL |