3-Hydroxypalmitoylcarnitine (3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine) is a biochemical compound that could be utilized as a biomaterial or organic/chemical reagent for biomedical research.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C23H45NO5
Molecular Weight	415.61
Exact Mass	415.33
CAS #	195207-76-2
PubChem CID	126456228
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
LogP	3.196
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	5
Rotatable Bond Count	19
Heavy Atom Count	29
Complexity	428
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	1
SMILES	CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)CC(O[C@H](CC([O-])=O)C[N+](C)(C)C)=O
InChi Key	XKAZIAFZAQAHHG-BPGUCPLFSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C23H45NO5/c1-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-20(25)17-23(28)29-21(18-22(26)27)19-24(2,3)4/h20-21,25H,5-19H2,1-4H3/t20?,21-/m1/s1
Chemical Name	(3R)-3-(3-hydroxyhexadecanoyloxy)-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate
Synonyms	3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine; 3-hydroxypalmitoylcarnitine; 195207-76-2; 3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine Inner Salt (Mixture of Diastereomers); (3R)-3-(3-hydroxyhexadecanoyloxy)-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate; 1-Propanaminium, 3-carboxy-2-[(3-hydroxy-1-oxohexadecyl)oxy]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, inner salt, (2R)-; 1-Propanaminium, 3-carboxy-2-[(3-hydroxy-1-oxohexadecyl)oxy]-N,N,N-trimethyl-, inner salt, [1(R)]-; 3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine; 3-Hydroxypalmitoylcarnitine; 3-Hydroxyhexadecanoyl L-carnitine; 3-Hydroxypalmitoyl L-carnitine; b-Hydroxypalmitoylcarnitine; b-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine;
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	Metabolite of palmitoylcarnitine
ln Vivo	Of the 741 patients with T2DM, 288 had CVD. Five factors were extracted from the 25 acylcarnitines and they accounted for 65.9% of the total variance. Factor 1 consisted of acetylcarnitine, butyrylcarnitine, hydroxylbutyrylcarnitine, glutarylcarnitine, hexanoylcarnitine, octanoylcarnitine, and tetradecanoyldiacylcarnitine. Factor 2 consisted of decanoylcarnitine, lauroylcarnitine, myristoylcarnitine, 3-hydroxyl-tetradecanoylcarnitine, tetradecenoylcarnitine, and 3-3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine. After adjusting for potential confounders, increased factor 1 and 2 were associated with increased risks of CVD in T2DM (OR of factor 1: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.03–2.03; OR of factor 2: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02–1.50) [1].
Animal Protocol	The inclusion criteria were set out as follows: (1) age ≥ 18 years; (2) diagnosed as T2DM; and (3) acylcarnitine metabolites were available: acetylcarnitine (C2), propionylcarnitine (C3), butyrylcarnitine (C4), hydroxylbutyrylcarnitine (C4-OH), succinylcarnitine (C4DC), isovalerylcarnitine (C5), 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine (C5-OH), glutarylcarnitine (C5DC), tiglylcarnitine (C5:1), hexanoylcarnitine (C6), octanoylcarnitine (C8), decanoylcarnitine (C10), lauroylcarnitine (C12), myristoylcarnitine (C14), 3-hydroxyl-tetradecanoylcarnitine (C14-OH), tetradecanoyldiacylcarnitine (C14DC), tetradecenoylcarnitine (C14:1), palmitoylcarnitine (C16), 3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine (C16-OH), 3-Hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine (C16:1-OH), octadecanoylcarnitine (C18), arachidic carnitine (C20), behenic carnitine (C22), tetracosanoic carnitine (C24), hexacosanoic carnitine (C26). The exclusion criteria were: (1) diagnosed as type 1 diabetes; (2) pregnancy. A total of 741 T2DM patients who met the inclusion and did not have the exclusion criteria were included in the analysis.[1]
References	[1]. The Association Between Acylcarnitine Metabolites and Cardiovascular Disease in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 May 5;11:212.
Additional Infomation	Objective: The association between acylcarnitine metabolites and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate associations between acylcarnitines and CVD in Chinese patients with T2DM. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2015 to August 2016. Medical records of 741 patients with T2DM were retrieved from the main electronic database of Liaoning Medical University First Affiliated Hospital. CVD was defined as having either coronary artery disease (CAD) or heart failure (HF) or stroke. Mass Spectrometry was utilized to measure levels of 25 acylcarnitine metabolites in fasting plasma. Factor analysis was used to reduce the dimensions and extracted factors of the 25 acylcarnitine metabolites. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (OR) of the factors extracted from the 25 acylcarnitine metabolites and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for CVD.[1]

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.4061 mL	12.0305 mL	24.0610 mL
	5 mM	0.4812 mL	2.4061 mL	4.8122 mL
	10 mM	0.2406 mL	1.2031 mL	2.4061 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.