3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol inhibits the p65 NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways. 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol may be utilized in cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C6H14O
Molecular Weight	102.1748
Exact Mass	102.104
CAS #	624-95-3
PubChem CID	12233
Appearance	Colorless to light yellow liquid
Density	0.844 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Boiling Point	143 °C(lit.)
Melting Point	−60 °C(lit.)
Flash Point	118 °F
Index of Refraction	n20/D 1.414(lit.)
LogP	1.414
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	1
Rotatable Bond Count	2
Heavy Atom Count	7
Complexity	42.6
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	0
SMILES	O([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H]
InChi Key	DUXCSEISVMREAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C6H14O/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3
Chemical Name	3,3-dimethylbutan-1-ol
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

ln Vitro	In the lauryldimethylsulfobetaine/water system, 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol is a co-surfactant [4].
ln Vivo	In rats with heart failure (HF), 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (1% DMB in water; oral dosing; 6 weeks) dramatically lowers cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis[1]. 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (orally administered for 21 days at 0.2% and 1.0% DMB in water) raised in a dose-dependent way in ICR mice's serum TMAO levels. 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol has been shown to modulate gut-brain connections in relation to social behavior[2]. 1,0% DMB in water; oral; used during nursing and pregnancy; 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol Stops Offspring of pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobiphenyl rings experience hypertension[3].
Animal Protocol	Animal/Disease Models: C57BL6/J male mice (8-10 weeks old) with heart failure[1]. Doses: 1% DMB soluble in water. Route of Administration: Oral gavage; 6 weeks. Experimental Results: decreased the plasma trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO ) levels, the cross-sectional area of LV cardiomyocytes, and the area of LV interstitial fibrosis. diminished the expression of ANP, BNP, β-MHC, collagen Iα, collagen III and CTGF. Inhibited TNF-α, IL-6, IL -1β, p65, TGF-β and Smad3 expression. Animal/Disease Models: Male and female ICR mice (8-weeks old)[2]. Doses: 0.2% and 1.0% DMB soluble in water. Route of Administration: Oral gavage; 21 d. Experimental Results: demonstrated inDramatically effect on body weight, water intake, food intake, sexual preference, anxiety, depression and memory formation. Weakened the social dominance of mice. Animal/Disease Models: Pregnant SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats[3]. Doses: 1.0% DMB soluble in water. Route of Administration: Oral gavage; gestation period and suckling period. Experimental Results: Increased kidney weight, plasma trimethylamine (TMA) level and acetic acid, reduce
References	[1]. 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol attenuates cardiac remodeling in pressure-overload-induced heart failure mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2020 Apr;78:108341. [2]. Repeated 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol exposure alters social dominance in adult mice. Neurosci Lett. 2021 Jul 27;758:136006. [3]. Maternal 3,3-Dimethyl-1-Butanol Therapy Protects Adult Male Rat Offspring against Hypertension Programmed by Perinatal TCDD Exposure. Nutrients. 2021 Aug 30;13(9):3041. [4]. 1-Butanol and 3, 3-dimethyl-1-butanol as cosurfactants of the laurylsulfobetaine/water system. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2001, 183: 235-246.

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO: 100 mg/mL (978.76 mM) H2O: 9.09 mg/mL (88.97 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.47 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.47 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (24.47 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	9.7876 mL	48.9380 mL	97.8761 mL
	5 mM	1.9575 mL	9.7876 mL	19.5752 mL
	10 mM	0.9788 mL	4.8938 mL	9.7876 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.