20(R)-Protopanaxatriol is a natural aglycone of ginsenosides Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2 and Rh.

Physicochemical Properties

Molecular Formula	C30H52O4
Molecular Weight	476.7315
Exact Mass	476.386
CAS #	1453-93-6
PubChem CID	9847853
Appearance	White to off-white solid powder
Density	1.1±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point	590.0±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point	261-263 °C
Flash Point	240.1±24.7 °C
Vapour Pressure	0.0±3.8 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction	1.541
LogP	5.89
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count	4
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count	4
Rotatable Bond Count	4
Heavy Atom Count	34
Complexity	817
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count	11
SMILES	O([H])[C@]1([H])C([H])([H])[C@]2([H])[C@@]3(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@@]([H])(C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])[C@]3([H])[C@]([H])(C([H])([H])[C@@]2(C([H])([H])[H])C2(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@]([H])([C@@](C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])/C(/[H])=C(\C([H])([H])[H])/C([H])([H])[H])O[H])[C@]21[H])O[H])O[H]
InChi Key	SHCBCKBYTHZQGZ-DLHMIPLTSA-N
InChi Code	InChI=1S/C30H52O4/c1-18(2)10-9-13-30(8,34)19-11-15-28(6)24(19)20(31)16-22-27(5)14-12-23(33)26(3,4)25(27)21(32)17-29(22,28)7/h10,19-25,31-34H,9,11-17H2,1-8H3/t19-,20+,21-,22+,23-,24-,25-,27+,28+,29+,30+/m0/s1
Chemical Name	(3S,5R,6S,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-17-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,6,12-triol
HS Tariff Code	2934.99.9001
Storage	Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Shipping Condition	Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

Biological Activity

Targets	20(R)-Protopanaxatriol is the ginsenosides Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, and Rh's natural aglycone[1].
ln Vitro	20(R)-Protopanaxatriol is the ginsenosides Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, and Rh's natural aglycone[1]. The review states that protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type saponins (which include 20(R)-Protopanaxatriol as a structural variant) have shown antidiabetic potential in in vitro and in vivo tests. Specific in vitro activity data for the 20(R)-isomer alone are not provided in the reviewed literature. [1]
ln Vivo	The review mentions that PPD and PPT-type saponins (as a class, encompassing 20(R)-Protopanaxatriol) attenuated glucose tolerance and played a role in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus in animal models. They reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) and regulated serum lipid markers (total cholesterol-TC, triglycerides-TG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-LDL-C) in a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse model. [1] PPD and PPT-type saponins also reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, contributing to the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [1]
Animal Protocol	The review does not provide a detailed animal protocol (e.g., formulation, dosing regimen, route of administration) specifically for 20(R)-Protopanaxatriol. The mentioned effects for PPT-type saponins are based on studies using this class of compounds without specifying the isomeric form used. [1]
References	[1]. Therapeutic Potential of Ginsenosides as an Adjuvant Treatment for Diabetes. Front Pharmacol. 2018 May 1;9:423.
Additional Infomation	20(R)-Protopanaxatriol has been reported in Panax ginseng with data available. 20(R)-Protopanaxatriol is one of the stereoisomeric forms of the protopanaxatriol (PPT) aglycone skeleton found in ginsenosides. PPT-type saponins are a major class of dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins from Panax ginseng. [1] Along with PPD-type saponins, PPT-type saponins (including 20(R)-Protopanaxatriol) are highlighted for their antidiabetic effects, which include improving glucose tolerance, regulating lipid metabolism, and exerting anti-inflammatory actions. [1] The review groups various ginsenosides with the PPT skeleton together, and the specific contribution or unique profile of the 20(R)-isomer versus the 20(S)-isomer is not distinguished in the presented data. [1]

Solubility Data

Solubility (In Vitro)

DMSO : ≥ 32 mg/mL (~67.12 mM)

Solubility (In Vivo)

Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)

Preparing Stock Solutions		1 mg	5 mg	10 mg
	1 mM	2.0976 mL	10.4881 mL	20.9762 mL
	5 mM	0.4195 mL	2.0976 mL	4.1952 mL
	10 mM	0.2098 mL	1.0488 mL	2.0976 mL

*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.