-Voriconazole-UK-109496) Chemical Structure.png)
Physicochemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C16H14N5OF3 |
| Exact Mass | 349.115 |
| CAS # | 188416-29-7 |
| PubChem CID | 71616 |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid powder |
| Density | 1.4±0.1 g/cm3 |
| Boiling Point | 508.6±60.0 °C at 760 mmHg |
| Flash Point | 261.4±32.9 °C |
| Vapour Pressure | 0.0±1.4 mmHg at 25°C |
| Index of Refraction | 1.617 |
| LogP | 0.93 |
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 1 |
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 8 |
| Rotatable Bond Count | 5 |
| Heavy Atom Count | 25 |
| Complexity | 448 |
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 2 |
| SMILES | C[C@H](C1=NC=NC=C1F)[C@@](CN2C=NC=N2)(C3=C(C=C(C=C3)F)F)O |
| InChi Key | BCEHBSKCWLPMDN-MGPLVRAMSA-N |
| InChi Code | InChI=1S/C16H14F3N5O/c1-10(15-14(19)5-20-7-22-15)16(25,6-24-9-21-8-23-24)12-3-2-11(17)4-13(12)18/h2-5,7-10,25H,6H2,1H3/t10-,16+/m0/s1 |
| Chemical Name | (2R,3S)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl)-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol |
| HS Tariff Code | 2934.99.9001 |
| Storage |
Powder-20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition | Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs) |
Biological Activity
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion The oral bioavailability is estimated to be 96% in healthy adults. Population pharmacokinetic studies report a reduced bioavailability pediatric patients with a mean of 61.8% (range 44.6–64.5%) thought to be due to differences in first-pass metabolism or due to differences in diet. Of note, transplant patients also have reduced bioavailability but this is known to increase with time after transplantation and may be due in part to gastrointestinal upset from surgery and some transplant medications. Tmax is 1-2 hours with oral administration. When administered with a high-fat meal Cmax decreases by 34% and AUC by 24%. pH does not have an effect on absorption of voriconazole. Differences in Cmax and AUC have been observed between healthy adult males and females with Cmax increasing by 83% and AUC by 113% although this has not been observed to significantly impact medication safety profiles. Voriconazole is eliminated via hepatic metabolism with less than 2% of the dose excreted unchanged in the urine. The estimated volume of distribution of voriconazole is 4.6 L/kg. Population pharmacokinetic studies estimate the median volume of distribution to be 77.6 L with the central compartment estimated at 1.07 L/kg Voriconazole is known to achieve therapeutic concentrations in many tissues including the brain, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, and heart. The clearance of voriconazole is estimated to be a mean of 5.25-7 L/h in healthy adults for the linear portion of the drug's kinetics. Metabolism / Metabolites Voriconazole undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism through cytochrome enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. CYP2C19 mediates N-oxidation with an apparent Km of 14 μM and an apparent Vmax of 0.22 nmol/min/nmol CYP2C19. Voriconazole N-oxide is the major circulating metabolite, accounting for 72% of radiolabeled metabolites found. CYP3A4 contributes to N-oxidation with a Km of 16 μM and Vmax of 0.05 nmol/min/nmol CYP3A4 as well as 4-hydroxylation with a Km of 11 μM and a Vmax of 0.10 nmol/min/nmol CYP3A4. CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 provide minor contributions to N-oxidation and 4-hydroxylation. The N-oxide and 4-hydroxylated metabolites undergo glucuronidation and are excreted through the urine with other minor glucuronidated metabolites. Voriconazole has known human metabolites that include Voriconazole N-Oxide and Hydroxymethyl Voriconazole. Biological Half-Life Voriconazole follows non-linear kinetics and has a terminal half-life of elimination which is dose-dependent. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Hepatotoxicity Transient elevations in serum aminotransferase levels occur in 11% to 19% of patients on voriconazole. These elevations are usually asymptomatic and self-limited, but approximately 1% of patients require discontinuation of voriconazole because of ALT elevations. Clinically apparent hepatotoxicity is uncommon, but may be more frequent than with fluconazole and itraconazole. The injury arises within the first month of therapy and the pattern of serum enzyme elevations has been variable from cholestatic to hepatocellular. Several cases of acute liver failure attributed to voriconazole have been reported. Immunoallergic features and autoantibodies are uncommon. Recovery upon stopping therapy generally takes 6 to 10 weeks but, in some cases, the time to complete resolution may be prolonged. Likelihood score: B (likely cause of clinically apparent liver injury). Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation ◉ Summary of Use during Lactation No information is available on the use of voriconazole during breastfeeding. If voriconazole is required by the mother, it is not a reason to discontinue breastfeeding. Until more data become available, an alternate drug may be preferred, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant. ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. Protein Binding Voriconazole is 58% bound to plasma proteins. |
| References |
[1]. Nickie D Greer. Voriconazole: the newest triazole antifungal agent.Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2003 Apr;16(2):241-8. |
| Additional Infomation |
Pharmacodynamics Voriconazole is a fungistatic triazole antifungal used to treat infections by inhibiting fungal growth. It is known to cause hepatotoxic and photosensitivity reactions in some patients. |
Solubility Data
| Solubility (In Vitro) | May dissolve in DMSO (in most cases), if not, try other solvents such as H2O, Ethanol, or DMF with a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples |
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Note: Listed below are some common formulations that may be used to formulate products with low water solubility (e.g. < 1 mg/mL), you may test these formulations using a minute amount of products to avoid loss of samples. Injection Formulations (e.g. IP/IV/IM/SC) Injection Formulation 1: DMSO : Tween 80： Saline = 10 : 5 : 85 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO stock solution → 50 μL Tween 80 → 850 μL Saline) *Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH ₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 2: DMSO : PEG300 ：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 3: DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL Corn oil) Example: Take the Injection Formulation 3 (DMSO : Corn oil = 10 : 90) as an example, if 1 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can take 100 μL 25 mg/mL DMSO stock solution and add to 900 μL corn oil, mix well to obtain a clear or suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Injection Formulation 4: DMSO : 20% SBE-β-CD in saline = 10 : 90 [i.e. 100 μL DMSO → 900 μL (20% SBE-β-CD in saline)] *Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Injection Formulation 5: 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin : Saline = 50 : 50 (i.e. 500 μL 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin → 500 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 6: DMSO : PEG300 : castor oil : Saline = 5 : 10 : 20 : 65 (i.e. 50 μL DMSO → 100 μLPEG300 → 200 μL castor oil → 650 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 7: Ethanol : Cremophor : Saline = 10： 10 : 80 (i.e. 100 μL Ethanol → 100 μL Cremophor → 800 μL Saline) Injection Formulation 8: Dissolve in Cremophor/Ethanol (50 : 50), then diluted by Saline Injection Formulation 9: EtOH : Corn oil = 10 : 90 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 900 μL Corn oil) Injection Formulation 10: EtOH : PEG300：Tween 80 : Saline = 10 : 40 : 5 : 45 (i.e. 100 μL EtOH → 400 μLPEG300 → 50 μL Tween 80 → 450 μL Saline) Oral Formulations Oral Formulation 1: Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na (carboxymethylcellulose sodium) Oral Formulation 2: Suspend in 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Example: Take the Oral Formulation 1 (Suspend in 0.5% CMC Na) as an example, if 100 mL of 2.5 mg/mL working solution is to be prepared, you can first prepare 0.5% CMC Na solution by measuring 0.5 g CMC Na and dissolve it in 100 mL ddH2O to obtain a clear solution; then add 250 mg of the product to 100 mL 0.5% CMC Na solution, to make the suspension solution (2.5 mg/mL, ready for use in animals). Oral Formulation 3: Dissolved in PEG400 Oral Formulation 4: Suspend in 0.2% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 5: Dissolve in 0.25% Tween 80 and 0.5% Carboxymethyl cellulose Oral Formulation 6: Mixing with food powders Note: Please be aware that the above formulations are for reference only. InvivoChem strongly recommends customers to read literature methods/protocols carefully before determining which formulation you should use for in vivo studies, as different compounds have different solubility properties and have to be formulated differently. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |