| Description | ATN-224 (Bis(choline)tetrathiomolybdate) inhibits SOD1 activity in endothelial cells, an effect that is dose dependent with an IC50 of 17.5±3.7 nM. ATN-224 is an oral Cu2+/Zn2+-superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) inhibitor. |
| In vitro | ATN-224 is an orally-available inorganic small molecule that inhibits the copper/zinc-dependent enzyme, superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu/Zn-SOD1), in endothelial and tumor cells[2] amd it is able to inhibit SOD1 activity in endothelial cells, an effect that is dose dependent with an IC50 of 17.5±3.7 nM. ATN-224 inhibits FGF-2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner with an IC50 between 1.25 and 2.5 μM, consistent with the IC50 for the inhibition of proliferation[1], and it inhibits the proliferation of both HUVEC (IC50=1.4±0.3 μM; n=5) and it is also able to inhibit the activity of purified bovine SOD1 with an IC50 of 0.33±0.03 μM after 24 hours of incubation. ATN-224 has a specific and high affinity for copper ions (108 mol/L-1) and shows no binding to calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, or manganese ions at concentrations up to 1 mM as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. The SOD1 inhibition by ATN-224 is time dependent, reaching maximal inhibition at ~16 hours. ATN-224 seems to inhibit SOD1 by depleting the enzyme of copper. |
| In vivo | Inhibition of angiogenesis when ATN-224 is given by oral gavage occurred before there is measurable depletion of copper in either plasma or copper from the Matrigel plug. ATN-224 also significantly (P<0.05) inhibits angiogenesis in the Matrigel plug model in mice either when added directly to the plug or when given by oral gavage. This result shows that ATN-224 inhibits angiogenesis independently of copper depletion[1]. |
| Target activity | SOD1 (endothelial cells):17.5±3.7 nM |
| Synonyms | 四硫钼酸二胆碱, Bis(choline)tetrathiomolybdate |
| molecular weight | 432.56 |
| Molecular formula | C10H28MoN2O2S4 |
| CAS | 649749-10-0 |
| Storage | Powder: -20°C for 3 years | In solvent: -80°C for 1 year | Shipping with blue ice. |
| Solubility | DMSO: 50 mg/mL (115.59 mM), Sonication is recommended. |
| References | 1. Juarez JC, et al. Copper binding by tetrathiomolybdate attenuates angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation through the inhibition of superoxide dismutase 1. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Aug 15;12(16):4974-82. 2. Lin J, et al. A non-comparative randomized phase II study of 2 doses of ATN-224, a copper/zinc superoxide dismutase inhibitor, in patients with biochemically recurrent hormone-naïve prostate cancer. Urol Oncol. 2013 Jul;31(5):581-8. |
| Citations | 1. Lai Y, Yang N, Shi D, et al.Puerarin enhances TFEB-mediated autophagy and attenuates ROS-induced pyroptosis after ischemic injury of random-pattern skin flaps.European Journal of Pharmacology.2024: 176621. |