| Description | Norepinephrine (Levophed) is an alkaloidal natural product, a neurotransmitter, an adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist, with activating activity on α1, α2, and β1 ARs. Norepinephrine has been used as a vasoactive agent in the treatment of antishock. |
| In vitro | 方法：成年海马细胞用 Norepinephrine (0.1-10 µM) 处理 10-13 天，使用 classical neurosphere assay 测定神经球数量。结果：在100 nm 和 1 µM Norepinephrine 存在的情况下神经球数量获得了显著的增加，在 10 µM Norepinephrine 存在的条件下观察到神经球数量增加了两倍。[1]方法：人胰腺癌细胞 BxPC-3 和 Panc-1 用 Norepinephrine (10 µM) 处理 12-48 h，使用 MTT Assay 检测细胞活力。结果：单独的 Norepinephrine 处理显著增强了 PDAC 细胞的活力。[2] |
| In vivo | 方法：为测试体内活性，将 Norepinephrine (0.2-2 mg/kga) 腹腔注射给喂食高脂肪饮食的 C57BL6/J 小鼠，每天一次，持续两周。结果：一部分 Norepinephrine 治疗的小鼠出现了意想不到的不良事件，包括膀胱扩张和肾脏变色引起的肾脏灌注减少。[3] |
| Target activity | β1-adrenoceptor:740 nM(Ki), α2A-adrenoceptor:56 nM(Ki), α1-adrenoceptor:330 nM(Ki) |
| Synonyms | 去甲肾上腺素, Levophed, Levonoradrenaline, Aktamin, Nor-Epirenan, Levonor, Arterenol |
| molecular weight | 169.18 |
| Molecular formula | C8H11NO3 |
| CAS | 51-41-2 |
| Storage | keep away from direct sunlight | Powder: -20°C for 3 years | In solvent: -80°C for 1 year |
| Solubility | H2O: < 1 mg/mL (Insoluble) DMSO: 6.25 mg/mL (36.94 mM), Sonification is recommended. |
| References | 1. Jhaveri DJ, et al. Norepinephrine directly activates adult hippocampal precursors via beta3-adrenergic receptors. J Neurosci. 2010 Feb 17;30(7):2795-806. 2. Qian W, et al. Norepinephrine enhances cell viability and invasion, and inhibits apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells in a Notch‑1‑dependent manner. Oncol Rep. 2018 Nov;40(5):3015-3023. 3. Matthews VB, et al. A cautionary note for researchers treating mice with the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2018 Aug 17;15:103-106. 4. Gu Y, Zhang M, Liu X, et al. Impact of bilateral sympathetic stellate ganglionectomy on TGF-β1 signaling pathway in rats with chronic volume overload[J]. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020, 11: 375. |