| Description | Heparan Sulfate, a complex and linear polysaccharide, forms a component of glycoproteins called heparan sulfate proteoglycans, abundantly expressed on the cell surface and within the extracellular matrix. |
| In vitro | Heparan sulfate interacts with numerous proteins, including growth factors, morphogens, and adhesion molecules, and thereby regulates important developmental processes in invertebrates and vertebrates. Heparan sulfate chains regulate developmental signaling by acting as co-factors through a variety of mechanisms that include but are not limited to the maintenance of morphogen gradients and co-receptor functions [1]. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans can act as receptors for proteases and protease inhibitors regulating their spatial distribution and activity. Membrane Heparan sulfate proteoglycans act as coreceptors for various tyrosine kinase-type growth factor receptors, lowering their activation threshold or changing the duration of signaling reactions [2]. Heparan sulfate influences the binding affinity of intestinal epithelium cells to Wnt, thereby promoting activation of canonical Wnt signaling and facilitating the regeneration of small intestinal crypts after epithelial injury [3]. |
| In vivo | FGF-2/FGFR system is involved in the regulation of astrocytic reactivity and/or proliferation in the brain and its action is potentiated by heparan sulfate [5]. Digestion of heparan sulfate impairs context discrimination in a fear conditioning paradigm and oscillatory network activity in the low theta band after fear conditioning. Thus, heparan sulfate maintains neuronal excitability and, as a consequence, support synaptic plasticity and learning [4]. |
| Synonyms | 硫酸乙酰肝素, 硫酸类肝素 |
| molecular weight | 593.47(monomer) |
| Molecular formula | C12H19NO20S3 (monomer) |
| CAS | 9050-30-0 |
| Storage | Powder: -20°C for 3 years | In solvent: -80°C for 1 year |
| Solubility | H2O: 100 mg/mL, Sonication is recommended. |
| References | 1. Kraushaar DC, et al. Heparan sulfate: a key regulator of embryonic stem cell fate. Biol Chem. 2013 Jun;394(6):741-51. 2. Sarrazin S, et al. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011 Jul 1;3(7). pii: a004952. 3. Yamamoto S, et al. Heparan sulfate on intestinal epithelial cells plays a critical role in intestinal crypt homeostasis via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2013 Aug 1;305(3):G241-9. 4. Minge D, et al. Heparan Sulfates Support Pyramidal Cell Excitability, Synaptic Plasticity, and Context Discrimination. Cereb Cortex. 2017 Feb 1;27(2):903-918. 5. Gómez-Pinilla F, et al. Regulation of astrocyte proliferation by FGF-2 and heparan sulfate in vivo. J Neurosci. 1995 Mar;15(3 Pt 1):2021-9. |