| Description | Cyclopamine (11-Deoxojervine), a Smoothened (Smo) antagonist (IC50: 46 nM in TM3Hh12 cells), belongs to the group of steroidal jerveratrum alkaloids. |
| In vitro | The Chicken embryos Exposure to cyclopamine resulted in visible external defects, including cyclopia, microphthalmia, proboscis formation, amelia, thoracic lordosis, and decreased body size [2]. cyclopamine treatment reduced the growth of tumor cell lines from the oesophagus, stomach, biliary tract and pancreas by 75–95% compared with tomatidine controls [3]. In pancreatic cancer cell lines, Hh inhibition with cyclopamine resulted in down-regulation of snail and up-regulation of E-cadherin, consistent with inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and was mirrored by a striking reduction of in vitro invasive capacity (P < 0.0001) [4]. |
| In vivo | To examine the effects of cyclopamine treatment in vivo, subcutaneous xenografts from HUCCT1 cells, a metastatic cholangiocarcinoma cell line, were established in athymic mice. Tumours in cyclopamine-treated animals regressed completely by 12 days [3]. In the delayed treatment model, no difference in weight was noted between control and cyclopamine (1.2 mg) treated BxPC3-SMOlow tumours. By contrast, a 50–60% decrease in tumour mass was observed in Panc 05.04- and L3.6sl-derived tumours, respectively (Fig. 5b, c)—an even more marked effect was noted in the concurrent treatment model, which revealed an 84% reduction in tumour mass of L3.6sl-derived tumours [5]. |
| Cell experiments | Cells were cultured in triplicate in 96-well plates in assay media to which 5E1 monoclonal antibody, ShhNp and/or cyclopamine were added at 0 h at concentrations indicated in the main text. Viable cell mass was determined by optical density measurements at 490 nm (OD490) at 2 and 4 days using the CellTiter96 colorimetric assay. Relative growth was calculated as OD (day 4) 2 OD (day 2)/OD (day 2) [3]. |
| Animal experiments | A total of 0.1 ml Hanks' balanced salt solution and matrigel (1:1) containing 2 × 10^6 cells were injected subcutaneously into CD-1 nude mice. Tumours were grown for 4 days to a minimum volume of 125 mm3; treatment was initiated simultaneously for all subjects. Mice were injected subcutaneously with vector alone (triolein:ethanol 4:1 v/v) or a cyclopamine suspension (1.2 mg per mouse in triolein: ethanol 4:1 v/v) daily for 7 days. At the end of the treatment period, tumours were excised from mice, weighed and then fixed for 3 h at 4 °C with 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned (6 μm). Apoptotic cells were identified by TUNEL using recombinant Tdt as previously described29. Sections were then counterstained with eosin. Eight ×20-magnified fields from regions corresponding to the exterior, middle and interior of two control and two cyclopamine-treated tumours were chosen at random [5]. |
| Target activity | Smo:46 nM (TM3Hh12 cells) |
| Synonyms | 环巴胺, 11-Deoxojervine |
| molecular weight | 411.62 |
| Molecular formula | C27H41NO2 |
| CAS | 4449-51-8 |
| Storage | Powder: -20°C for 3 years | In solvent: -80°C for 1 year |
| Solubility | DMSO: 4.12 mg/mL (10 mM), Sonication is recommended. |
| References | 1. Peukert S, et al. Identification and structure-activity relationships of ortho-biphenyl carboxamides as potent Smoothened antagonists inhibiting the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Jan 15;19(2):328-31. 2. Kim SK, et al. Pancreas development is promoted by cyclopamine, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Oct 27;95(22):13036-41. 3. Berman DM, et al. Widespread requirement for Hedgehog ligand stimulation in growth of digestive tract tumours. Nature. 2003 Oct 23;425(6960):846-51. 4. Feldmann G, et al. Blockade of hedgehog signaling inhibits pancreatic cancer invasion and metastases: a new paradigm for combination therapy in solid cancers. Cancer Res. 2007 Mar 1;67(5):2187-96. 5. Thayer SP, et al. Hedgehog is an early and late mediator of pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis. Nature. 2003 Oct 23;425(6960):851-6. 6. Ma W, et al. Reduced Smoothened level rescued Aβ-induced memory deficits and neuronal inflammation in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. J Genet Genomics. 2018 May 20;45(5):237-246. 7. Zheng H T, Fu T, Zhang H Y, et al. Progesterone-regulated Hsd11b2 as a barrier to balance mouse uterine corticosterone[J]. Journal of Endocrinology. 2020, 244(1): 177-187. |
| Kinase | This assay measures the end stage of the Hh signaling pathway, that is, the transcriptional modulation of Gli, using Luciferase as readout (Gli-Luc assay). Cyclopamine is prepared for assay by serial dilution in DMSO and then added to empty assay plates. TM3Hh12 cells (TM3 cells containing Hh-responsive reporter gene construct pTA-8xGli-Luc) are resuspended in F12 Ham's/DMEM (1:1) containing 5% FBS and 15 mM Hepes pH 7.3, added to assay plates and incubated with Cyclopamine for approximately 30 minutes at 37 °C in 5% CO2. 1 nM Hh-Ag 1.5 is then added to assay plates and incubated at 37 °C in the presence of 5% CO2. After 48 hours, either Bright-Glo or MTS reagent is added to the assay plates and luminescence or absorbance at 492 nm is determined. IC50 value, defined as the inflection point of the logistic curve, is determined by non-linear regression of the Gli-driven luciferase luminescence or absorbance signal from MTS assay vs log10 (concentration) of Cyclopamine using the R statistical software pack [1]. |