| Description | ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) provides cellular energy, participates in overall energy balance, and maintains intracellular homeostasis. ATP can act as an extracellular signaling molecule through interactions with specific purinergic receptors to mediate a variety of processes including neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and bone remodeling. |
| In vitro | 方法：滑膜成纤维细胞 HSF 用 ATP (10 μM) 快速处理 (洗入和洗出 ~2 s) 三次，使用 Fluo-4 荧光检测 [Ca2+] 变化。结果：在第一次施用 ATP 期间，延迟几秒钟后，Fluo-4 荧光迅速增加，并在施用 ATP 结束前略有下降。去除 ATP 后，荧光信号恢复到静止水平，但荧光下降的速度比最初应用 ATP 后的开始慢得多。随后的两次 ATP 应用产生的响应幅度小于第一次，并且随着连续应用，直到响应开始的延迟似乎延长。[1]方法：小鼠骨髓衍生的巨噬细胞 BMDM 用 LPS、HKEC 或 HKSA 刺激，随后用 ATP (2 mM) 处理 0.5-24 h，使用 ELISA 法测定 IL-1β、KC 和 MIP-2 的水平。结果：ATP 处理强烈诱导 IL-1β、KC 和 MIP-2的分泌。[2] |
| In vivo | 方法：为检测体内抗菌活性，将 ATP (50 mg/kg) 腹腔注射给 Kunming 小鼠，1-24 h 后注射 E. coli 25922 或 S. aureus 25923。结果：无论细菌类型如何，在攻击前 4 h 或 24 h 给予 ATP 确实显著提高了受感染小鼠的存活率。[2]方法：为检测体内抗菌活性，将 ATP (40 mg/kg)、clarithromycin (12 mg/kg) 和 rifampin (8 mg/kg) 皮下注射给 MAC 感染的 BALB/c 小鼠，每周五次，持续八周。结果：ATP 与 clarithromycin、rifampin 联合给药加速了 MAC 感染小鼠的细菌清除，而不会导致未给予 ATP 的小鼠的组织病理学特征或促炎或抗炎细胞因子的 mRNA 表达发生变化。[3] |
| Synonyms | Atipi, ATP disodium salt hydrate, Triphosphoric acid adenosine ester, Ara-ATP, Triphosphaden, Adenosine triphosphate;Ara-ATP, Adenosine triphosphate |
| molecular weight | 507.18 |
| Molecular formula | C10H16N5O13P3 |
| CAS | 56-65-5 |
| Storage | Powder: -20°C for 3 years | In solvent: -80°C for 1 year |
| Solubility | DMSO: 1.67 mg/mL (3.29 mM) H2O: 100 mg/mL (197.17 mM), Sonication is recommended. |
| References | 1. Kondo C, et al. ATP triggers a robust intracellular [Ca2+ ]-mediated signalling pathway in human synovial fibroblasts. Exp Physiol. 2018 Aug;103(8):1101-1122. 2. Xiang Y, et al. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) protects mice against bacterial infection by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. PLoS One. 2013 May 22;8(5):e63759. 3. Tomioka H, et al. Combined effects of ATP on the therapeutic efficacy of antimicrobial drug regimens against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in mice and roles of cytosolic phospholipase A2-dependent mechanisms in the ATP-mediated potentiation of antimycobacterial host resistance. J Immunol. 2005 Nov 15;175(10):6741-9. 4. Zhang R, Li G, Zhang Q, Tang Q, Huang J, Hu C, Liu Y, Wang Q, Liu W, Gao N, Zhou S. Hirsutine induces mPTP-dependent apoptosis through ROCK1/PTEN/PI3K/GSK3β pathway in human lung cancer cells. Cell Death Dis. 2018 May 22;9(6):598. doi: 10.1038/s41419-018-0641-7. PubMed PMID: 29789524. |